From the editor and writers of Bright Lights Film Journal
Action! Interviews with Directors from Classical Hollywood to Contemporary Iran
(Anthem Art and Culture), by Gary Morris (Editor), Bert Cardullo (Introduction), Jonathan Rosenbaum (Foreword). London and New York: Anthem Press, 2009.
(Anthem Art and Culture), by Gary Morris (Editor), Bert Cardullo (Introduction), Jonathan Rosenbaum (Foreword). London and New York: Anthem Press, 2009.
"I dare anyone to squeeze between
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flat out entertaining sampling of
the personalities that make the
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David Hudson, IFC.com
David Hudson, IFC.com
The Beauty of Uncertainty
I Know Where I'm Going on DVD
Powell/Pressburger's fairy tale comes to life on Criterion's DVD
In I Know Where I'm Going, Michael
Powell and Emeric Pressburger created a modern folktale. Not an escapist fairy story but a modern myth, complete with hero, maiden, a curse, and a difficult trial that pits them against death. Despite its wartime setting (it was made in 1945), I Know Where I'm Going is not a period piece. By daring to mix a love story with fantasy elements leavened by near-documentary footage, the film has the timelessness of a legend.
Powell and Pressburger began with a simple idea: a young woman can't
get to an island. Intended as a modest black-and-white project to tide
them over between productions, I Know Where I'm Going gave Powell
the chance to locate a film in the outer Hebrides, an area he got to
know for this project and often returned to later in his life. Before
shooting on the film had formally begun, Powell spent a great deal of
time shooting around the islands, including perilous shots of Corryvreckan,
the lethal whirlpool. Powell was smitten with the landscape. The story
is literally grounded in the mystery of these islands, captured by Powell
and his cinematographer, Erwin Hillier, in one exquisite black-and-white
frame after another.
I Know
Where I'm Going opens with a montage of Joan Webster (Wendy Hiller),
who from toddlerdom to young womanhood has no doubt about where she's
going. On the eve of her wedding journey, she has a swanky supper with
her father (George Carney), a Babbitty bank manager ill at ease with
his daughter's high-flying tastes. She announces her impending marriage
to Sir Robert Bellinger, many years her senior and head of Consolidated
Chemical Industries, where she is employed. It's one of the film's strengths
that Joan's pretensions and airs seem silly rather than annoying, the
foolish posturings of a young woman bound on bettering herself. Her
motherlessness plays no small role in this; her obstinate self-sufficiency
evidently compensates for her father's meekness and her mother's absence.
Joan bears a resemblance to Katherine Hepburn characters, but, fortunately,
Hiller has none of Hepburn's cloying grit, nor the sentimentality. Like
Pamela Brown, the other female lead, Hiller shows us a flinty, quick-witted
woman who can do without a man but would rather not.
Bellinger marshals every facet of his inamorata's trip from northern England to Kiloran, his Hebridean refuge. In the train, Joan reviews his elaborate itinerary, consults the map, and then poses with her wedding dress for the mirror. (Throughout the film, Joan reassures herself in moments of doubt by consulting her reflection as though confirming her very existence or reminding herself that she's in the real world.) For all her no-nonsense strategies, she remains susceptible to more quixotic desires.
Snug in her sleeper as the train speeds towards Scotland, Joan envisions nuptials
with the engines of Consolidated Chemical Industries, her father presiding
as minister. Tartanned hills appear on a cartoonish and childlike relief
map of Scotland, the dream soundtracked by the sounds of the train,
transposed into a chorus of obsequiousness as servile voices wait on
"Lady Bellinger." Powell and Pressburger make no explanations or justifications
for these blatantly unreal sequences, which are punctuated by the conflation
of a stove-pipe hat with the train's crazy whistle. The mix of the real
references to the ongoing war, for example and the undisguised
fantastic set a mythic tone that makes the world of the film complete
in itself.
All goes awry at the Kiloran harbor, where a thick fog impedes the
final portion of Joan's voyage. Even Bellinger's apparently limitless
clout can't alter the weather. Joan initially refuses to accept this
fact, clutching the itinerary until, blown from her hands, it sinks
into the sea. Other forces are at work. Joan's process of finally realizing
Bellinger is not for her culminates in an echo of this moment, when
her wedding dress similarly drowns.
Joan encounters another passenger for Kiloran, a young naval officer,
Torquil MacNeil (Roger Livesey) who invites her to shelter at the nearby
house of a friend. Reluctantly, Joan accepts, making her way to the
house and pausing, critic Ian Christie points out in his comments on
the DVD, on its threshold as if about to enter another world. MacNeil
introduces himself formally and then presents her to the openly eccentric
Colonel (Captain C.W.R. Knight, F.Z.S.), a falconer currently bunking
at the house. The owner, Catriona MacLaine Potts (Pamela Brown), is
first seen in profile with her pack of Irish wolfhounds. Rifle in hand
and silhouetted in solid black against the wild landscape, this shot
of Catriona is one of the most striking in the film, firmly establishing
her deep harmony with her surroundings. There is something of the sorceress
about her. Freed of her husband and children (Mr. Potts is in the wars,
her children at school), Catriona roams the hills, sustaining herself
and the Colonel on rabbits. In a close-up, Powell details Joan's appreciation
of Catriona's authenticity, the character and Brown herself so forceful
that she nearly steals the movie. (In part, this has to do with Powell's
love affair with Brown, then in full swing. But more credit is due Brown's
on-camera power, her beauty singular and unnerving.)
The
film relies a great deal on offscreen events and places: neither Potts
nor Bellinger appear; an annual folk festival in Oban is lovingly detailed
but not shown; and, perhaps most boldly, Kiloran itself is never seen.
Paradoxically, these unseen matters enrich what is shown, revealing
a great deal about the characters' values and beliefs without resorting
to straight exposition. Like a folk story, the film embroiders its own
story with bits and pieces of other tales.
Joan remains stranded across from Kiloran, and Torquil, deeply attracted to her, tries to help. They make contact with Bellinger, whose braying over the airwaves exposes him as a blowhard. In the meantime, Joan has discovered that Bellinger merely rents the island; Torquil is the hereditary but straitened Laird of Kiloran; and even what appears to her to be irrational superstition Torquil's refusal to enter the local castle because of its reputed curse on the men of his family becomes understandable as she spends more time in his unaffected company. He respects his traditions much as he respects the untamable weather of the islands, happy to live within their limits. Like the tartanned hills of Joan's dream, the curse, potentially a hokey touch, becomes part of the movie's lore.
Oral traditions and voices play key parts. The locals express themselves in a succinct lilt that contrasts deeply with Bellinger's commands; in the shrieks of the wealthy friends he insists Joan look up; and even in Joan's rat-a-tat-tat style. Though forceful, Livesey's voice was a leonine purr and works beautifully with the voices of the real locals to give a sense of people so in harmony with their surroundings that even their speech seems of a piece, soft and stark.
As in all good folktales, Joan runs into trouble when she tries to
take fate into her hands. After several days with no break in the weather,
she bribes a young local to chance the crossing to Kiloran. Torquil
joins them at the last moment. They run into severe difficulties, ultimately
skirting the edge of the notorious Corryvreckan whirlpool. Powell made
inventive use of actual footage in back projection shots, creating impressive
tension with quite simple effects. And, of course, watching Torquil
and Joan nearly die together makes their final decision to live together
seem inevitable.
Powell and Pressburger composed the film from a series of sleights
of hand. Already mentioned are the fantastical dream sequence and the
cobbled-together special effects of the whirlpool. But most spectacular
was Powell's work with Livesey. Bound by contract to appear in a play
in London during the entire filming, Livesey never ventured beyond its
suburbs. Instead, he trained a double to mimic his movements and stance
for the location shots, with Powell shooting close-ups in a studio or
just outside London. In A Life in Movies, Powell jubilantly admits:
"I'm not sure, but I think it is one of the cleverest things I ever
did in movies." What makes this and Powell's other work, alone and in
collaboration with Pressburger, so compulsively watchable was his delight
in using film to do the impossible. The alchemy he performed was always
in the service of the story and the audience. Powell gloried in the
medium's abracadabra qualities. Folktale characters triumph over fear,
withstanding a test to discover a truth or real love. With its emphasis
on moderation over consumption, on eccentricity over conformity, and,
finally, on authenticity over posing, the film continues a folkloric
tradition. It argues for intuition and destiny rather than planning
and strategy, against shiny novelties in favor of the genuine and enduring,
and, finally, for not being too certain of anything including
where one is going. Powell combined the audacity of the con man with
real respect for his viewers, rooting his somewhat incredible story
in the realities of Hebridean landscape and indigenous residents. In
the film, he and his team present an improbable blend of the specific
and the archetypal, the result an impeccable delight.
Details of the DVD
The print is generally of high quality and doubtless the best available, considering it dates from 1945. Film critic Ian Christie gives a workmanlike scene-by-scene commentary, most of it lifted directly from Powell's excellent A Life in Movies with one glaring gaffe that's all Christie's own: while discussing other films made in Scotland, he identifies the director of Local Hero as Douglas, rather than Bill Forsyth; New Yorker television and theater critic Nancy Franklin gives a rather long-winded explanation of her obsession with I Know Where I'm Going and journey to the Hebrides, documented by Mark Cousins her literalness a stark contrast to the ineffable qualities of the film. Finally, it's just not that interesting to see her trace the film's locations. There's an informative short of Powell discussing The Edge of the World and a substantial excerpt from this film; behind the scenes and making-of stills. Best of all are the home movies shot by Powell on one of his frequent hikes in the Hebrides, accompanied by his longtime personal assistant, Bill Paton, naturalist Seton Gordon and Sweep, Powell's dog. Unlike the other materials, these personal films and the details of the making of I Know Where I'm Going, both tenderly and intelligently narrated by his widow, picture editor Thelma Schoonmaker Powell, actually add to the pleasures of viewing the film.
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